Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS), encompassing Wernicke’s encephalopathy (WE) and Korsakoff’s syndrome (KS), is a neurological disorder primarily caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. The timeframe for its development varies significantly, contingent upon factors such as the severity and duration of thiamine deficiency, individual metabolism, and the presence of other health conditions. Acute Wernicke’s encephalopathy can manifest relatively quickly, sometimes within weeks of severe thiamine deprivation, presenting with symptoms like confusion, eye movement abnormalities, and ataxia (loss of coordination). If WE is not promptly treated, it can progress into the chronic and often irreversible Korsakoff’s syndrome.
Early recognition and treatment of thiamine deficiency are crucial to prevent the progression of Wernicke’s encephalopathy to Korsakoff’s syndrome. The historical context reveals that the link between alcohol use disorder and WKS has been recognized for over a century. However, it’s important to note that WKS can also occur in individuals without alcohol dependence, particularly those with malnutrition due to conditions like hyperemesis gravidarum, bariatric surgery, or eating disorders. The timely administration of thiamine can often reverse or mitigate the effects of WE, although some individuals may still experience residual neurological deficits.
